: Argue that the 14th-century crisis (demographic, economic, and religious) was not merely a period of decline but a "creative destruction" that allowed for the centralization of monarchical power and the rise of urban identities.
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By the 1400s, Europe was rebuilding. The of the Church was resolved, but papal authority had been permanently weakened, paving the way for the Reformation. In the Mediterranean, the Fall of Constantinople (1453) to the Ottoman Empire closed traditional trade routes, forcing European powers like Portugal and Spain to look westward across the Atlantic. : Argue that the 14th-century crisis (demographic, economic,
Introducción Los siglos XIII–XV constituyen la fase final de la Edad Media en Europa. En este lapso se entrecruzan procesos de consolidación estatal, conflictos bélicos de larga duración, crisis demográficas y renovaciones intelectuales y artísticas. Estudiaremos: a) transformación política y formas de gobierno; b) economía y sociedad rural y urbana; c) Iglesia, religiosidad y crisis; d) cultura, ciencia y artes; e) factores de cambio y transición hacia la modernidad. In the Mediterranean, the Fall of Constantinople (1453)
His works offer a comprehensive look at the 13th-15th centuries with a focus on institutional history.