(Inference): Using logic to reach a conclusion (e.g., seeing smoke and inferring fire). (Comparison): Learning through analogy.
| Step | Name | Statement | Function | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | 1 | Pratijna (Proposition) | The hill is on fire. | Assertion to be proved. | | 2 | Hetu (Reason) | Because there is smoke. | Ground for inference. | | 3 | Udaharana (Example) | Wherever there is smoke, there is fire (e.g., a kitchen). | Universal concomitance (Vyapti). | | 4 | Upanaya (Application) | So it is on this hill, which has smoke. | Application of universal rule. | | 5 | Nigamana (Conclusion) | Therefore, the hill is on fire. | Final inference. | nyaya darshan pdf in english
Knowledge gained through direct contact between the senses and an object. (Inference): Using logic to reach a conclusion (e
(for scholarly reprints) – but free PDFs are available on the above. | Assertion to be proved